Types of loofah gourds

There are two species of loofahs grown around the world: Luffa acutangula is known as the ridged or angled loofah and Luffa aegyptiaca, the smooth or common loofah. Ridged loofahs can grow up to 30 inches long, although in my zone 5 climate I’ve found 18 inches is more common. The fruits are slender with deep green skin and sharp ridges that run down their entire length.

Smooth loofahs, as you may have guessed, have smoother skin with visible, but not sharp, ridges. The fruits are also wider and grow up to two feet long. There are several cultivars of smooth loofahs including an extra long cultivar with fruits that mature to almost three feet in length. It needs a longer growing season than I can provide so I stick to quicker maturing varieties.

Growing loofah from seed

Loofah, or luffa or loofa gourds, need a long growing season and it’s best to get a head start by sowing the seeds indoors. The first step to success is buying fresh seed. In the past I’ve had trouble germinating seeds that were older than two years so I always buy a new seed pack each spring.

A step-by-step guide to growing loofah gourds from seed:

  • Sow seeds five to six weeks before you intend to transplant them outdoors. Don’t start them too early as over-mature seedlings won’t transplant well.
  • Soak seeds for 24 hours prior to seeding. Begin with hot water. You can also scarify the seeds before soaking by running the sides of the seeds along medium-grit sandpaper. This thins the seed coat and can hasten germination. Just a couple of strokes on the sandpaper is enough.
  • Plant the seeds in four inch pots filled with pre-moistened seed starting mix. Sow them a half inch deep. Loofah seeds can also be grown in soil blocks.
  • Cover trays with plastic wrap or a seeding dome to increase humidity.
  • Increase germination rates and speed up the sprouting process with a heating mat. Gourds are heat-loving plants and I’ve found a heating mat to be a game-changer when sprouting seeds. They germinate best when the temperature is about 85 F (30 C).  I’ve had loofah gourd seeds germinate in as little as five days with a heating mat and as long as three weeks without. Average germination time is 7 to 14 days.
  • Once the seeds have germinated remove the plastic wrap or dome to promote good air flow. Keep an eye on soil moisture aiming to keep the soil lightly moist but not wet.
  • Begin feeding when the seedlings have developed their first set of true leaves. I use a liquid organic fertilizer at half the recommended rate. I also fertilize just before I transplant the seedlings.

When to transplant loofah seedlings to the garden

When the spring weather has warmed and the risk of frost has passed, it’s time to harden off loofah seedlings and move them to the garden. Hardening off is the process of acclimatizing indoor grown plants to outdoor conditions. Learn more about how to harden off seedlings in this article.

Because the plants are sensitive to cold temperatures, don’t rush them into the garden too early. By the time I transplant, it’s usually about a week after our last frost date. And for extra insurance, I place a mini hoop tunnel covered in clear plastic or a row cover overtop the bed for the first week or two. This creates a microclimate around the plants and helps reduce the risk of transplant or cold shock. I’ve got all the details on using garden covers and creating simple mini tunnels in my book Growing Under Cover. You can also cover individual plants in garden beds or containers with cloches.

Finding the right site for growing loofah

Loofah gourds are produced on vigorous plants that can grow up to thirty feet long. It’s important to provide a site and with full sun and encourage fast, consistent growth by maintaining soil moisture and feeding the plants regularly. I give my plants a good start at planting time by digging in several inches of compost or aged manure.

The plants are robust climbers and happily scramble up or across a strong support like a chain link fence, trellis, arbor, garden arch, tunnel, or other structure. It makes a great summer screening plant if you’re looking for more privacy in your yard or adds shade to a pergola over a seating area. You can also let the plants roam freely over the ground, but be warned they cover a lot of space. They fruits also grow straighter if trellised.

Growing loofah in containers

You can grow loofah in a container but choose one that is large enough to accommodate the rootball of this sizeable plant. Select a pot or grow bag that is around 20 gallons or 18 to 24 inches across. Fill it with 2/3 potting mix and 1/3 compost or aged manure. I would also suggesting adding some slow-release organic fertilizer to the growing medium. 

A potted loofah plant grows very large so keep that in mind as you choose where to place your pot. Ideally, it would be near a trellis or fence, but you can let the vine trail over the sides of the pot. Just be mindful it make take over your patio or deck! 

Growing loofah plants: summer care

Whether you’re growing in a pot or garden bed, you’ll need to maintain moisture and feed regularly. I check the soil a couple of times a week in summer, watering deeply if it’s dry when I insert a finger at the base of the plant. Loofah gourds appreciate consistent moisture but don’t want to be sitting in saturated soil. I also apply a liquid organic fertilizer every two to three weeks. If you’re meeting the growing needs of your loofah gourd plants, they’re more likely to pump out plenty of flowers and produce the biggest gourds.

Hand pollinating loofah flowers

Besides watering and fertilizing, there is another summer task I do to ensure plenty of gourds – I hand pollinate. Why? Several reasons: 1) I live in a northern zone where the growing season is short. Hand pollinating helps ensure the first flowers produced are pollinated and can develop into gourds. 2) Local bees and pollinators which adore my cucumbers, squash, and pumpkins, aren’t as keen on my loofah gourd plants. I’ve found if I don’t hand pollinate, I get fewer fruits.

Hand pollinating loofah gourds is quick and easy. You do need to know the difference between boy and girl flowers, however (I bet you didn’t know you’d be getting a talk on the birds and bees in this article!) A female loofah gourd flower has a baby fruit beneath the bloom (see the photo above). A male loofah gourd flower has no fruit, just a straight stem. 

To pollinate: Use a clean, dry small paintbrush or cotton swab to transfer pollen from a male flower to a female flower. Or, you can pick a male flower, remove the petals and press the pollen against the female flower. I try to do this when the flowers are fresh and recently opened. Once the flowers are produced in abundance in early to mid-summer, hand pollinate a couple of times a week.

Pest and disease problems of loofah gourds

While gourds are low-maintenance plants, I do keep an eye out for problems, taking action where necessary. Here are three potential issues you may encounter when growing loofah gourds:

  • Powdery Mildew – This common fungus appears as a greyish-white dusting on the tops and bottoms of leaves. It doesn’t outright kill the plant, but looks messy and reduces the plants ability to photosynthesize. That can reduce overall yield. To reduce the occurrence of powdery mildew, water the soil, not the plant when irrigating. Also, try to water early in the day so if water does splash on the leaves it has time to dry before nightfall. It’s also important to space plants properly so air can flow well. Growing loofah gourds up a trellis is a great way to promote good air circulation.
  • Downy Mildew – This disease affects crops like gourds, cucumbers, and squash and is caused by a fungus-like water mold. It mainly affects the foliage of the plants and first appears as small yellowish spots on the top of the leaves. It’s most common during periods of humid weather and can spread quickly. Eventually the leaves are covered in yellow lesions, turning brown and crispy. Production is declined. As with powdery mildew, avoid watering the foliage of the plant and instead irrigate the soil. Space plants to ensure good air circulation and grow vertically if possible.
  • Cucumber Beetles – As loofah gourds are closely related to cucumbers, cucumber beetles can also be a problem. Not only can they damage plants, they can also spread diseases. Striped and spotted cucumber beetles are the two common species in North America and both chew holes in leaves and eat blossoms. Place row covers or insect barrier netting immediately over seedlings after planting (bonus – the cover also keeps the heat-loving plant warm). Remove when the vines are ready to climb or when the first blossoms open.

Harvesting loofah gourds

There are two main times to harvest loofah gourds: 1) as a tender young vegetable for stir-fries, stews, and curries. 2) for the mature gourds to be used as sponges. Yes you can eat loofah gourds! The immature fruits are not only edible, but delicious with a squash-like flavor. That said, I don’t harvest the first fruits that develop on the plants for eating. This is because loofah gourds grown for sponges need a long growing season and I want to give those first fruits plenty of time to develop and mature. Once I’ve got a dozen or so set on my vines, I’ll start to harvest newly set fruits for the kitchen. Pick when the gourds are four to six inches long for optimum tenderness. 

After we’ve had a few harvests of baby gourds, it’s time for some tough love. About six weeks before the first fall frost (mid-August in my garden) I cut the plants back to the last gourd that I think still has time to mature into a sponge by the end of summer. Going forward, I also pinch or snip off new flowers that develop. This directs the energy of the plant into maturing the existing gourds, not trying to make new ones. This is an essential step when growing loofah sponges in a short season climate. 

When are loofah gourds ready to harvest?

If you wish to grow your loofah gourds for sponges, let the fruits mature on the vine. They’re ready to pick when the skin has turned from green to brown or yellowish-brown and the gourd itself feels light when lifted in your hand. In short season climates like mine, sometimes a hard frost is forecast before the gourds have completely browned. In that case, I pick all of the fruits and bring them inside to be processed. Frost can damage the gourds and reduce their quality.

How to peel and process loofah sponges

Before you can start using your homegrown loofah sponges, you need to process the mature gourds. Here are four steps to cleaning and drying the sponges. 

  • Start by removing the skin. The skin of gourds that have browned and dried on the vine is relatively easy to crack and peel away. If the fruits are mature but still green, you may find it easier to hang them for a few days in a warm space to dry a bit more before you remove the skin.
  • Remove the seeds. Mature sponges have dark brown or black seeds in the interior cavities. Shake them out, saving fully mature seeds for planting the following season. To save the seeds, spread them out on a piece of paper towel or paper plate to dry for a week. Once they’re completely dry, store them in labelled envelopes.
  • Once the sponge is freed from the outer skin and the seeds have been removed, use a hose or strong jet of water to rinse it clean. If the sponges are discolored, you can soak them in a 10% bleach solution for a half hour. Rinse with clean water after soaking.
  • Hang clean loofah sponges to dry in the sun or place them in a warm site, turning often so they dry quickly and evenly.

Use your homegrown loofah sponges in the bath and shower. Tie a cord to the sponge for easy hanging in between showers. You can also DIY loofah gourd soaps from your garden-grown loofahs. These are perfect for scrubbing dirt-caked hands after a day in the garden. Of course loofah sponges are also handy in the kitchen for scrubbing pots and pans.

To read more about growing unique veggies be sure to check out these articles:

  • How to grow ground cherries in the garden
  • Cucamelons are fun and easy to grow
  • Unique crops to plant in your garden
  • Learn how to grow hard-shell gourds

Are you growing loofahs in your garden this year?